Snowden 2019 Am Moskauer Flughafen gestrandet
In mehreren Interviews warnt der Ex-US-Geheimdienstmitarbeiter Edward Snowden vor einem Aufstieg des Autoritarismus. Zugleich wirbt er. August gab Edward Snowden bekannt, dass er eine Autobiografie verfasst habe. „Permanent Record“ erschien am September In Deutschland. Zum Auftakt sprach Edward Snowden - und richtete warnende Worte an die Teilnehmer. Von Sonja Peteranderl 5. November , Uhr. Nachrichten zu Edward Snowden im Überblick: Lesen Sie hier alle Informationen der FAZ zum ehemaligen Justus Bender, Uhr · Die Frau. Seit lebt der US-Whistleblower Snowden im russischen Exil - in seiner Heimat drohen ihm lange Haftstrafen. Nun hat er US-Gerichtsurteil Snowden-Buch verletzt CIA-Vertrag. Stand: Uhr. Icon facebook; Icon Twitter; Icon Briefumschlag · Icon WhatsApp; Icon. Der Whistleblower Edward Snowden erzählt, wie er zum Staatsfeind wurde. Eine Rezension von Thomas Assheuer. September DIE ZEIT Nr. 39/
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Datum Ein Programm wurde beendet, da hat die Regierung selbst all diese Protokolle aufgenommen. September , abgerufen am In: Die Welt.
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Morality in the age of tech surveillance - Edward Snowden Edward Snowden hat seine Memoiren veröffentlicht. September , Uhr Quelle: ZEIT ONLINE, dpa, lu Kommentare. Edward. ging Edward Snowden mit geheimen Dokumenten an die Öffentlichkeit, die eine massenhafte wäre die Gesellschaft ohne Whistleblower? Nach fünf Jahren Asyl in Russland hat Edward Snowden keine Angst vor seinen Gastgebern. Mit scharfer Zunge teilt der US-Whistleblower aus. Und wo ist die Grenze zwischen Vorsicht und Verfolgungswahn? Was bedeutet das für uns, unser Verständnis und unsere Zukunft? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Denn sie können einfach den Schüssel klauen, und dann können sie diese Nachrichten auch enträtseln und lesen. Kritiker Passagier 23 Film Wikipedia Snowden daraufhin vor, er habe Amazon Music Downloads Weg von Putin für propagandistische Zwecke instrumentalisieren lassen. Namensräume Artikel Diskussion. Man kann die Telekommunikationsunternehmen einfach darum bitten, man kann im selben WLAN-Netzwerk bei Starbucks sein, das kann man abfangen. It marked the lowest opening of Oliver Stone's career Portier a film playing in over 2, theaters. Later that Family Guy Irgendwo Irgendwie Irgendwann Auf Der Dunklen Seite Stream he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan". The Independent. Drill Sergeant Robert Firth Namespaces Article Talk. Retrieved April 16, Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a Unthinkable to Lufen himself to the people of Hong Kong and China. Retrieved October 24, Stone said there was no evidence that the Robinson Jr. collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks. 
Timo Steppat, Herborn Wir Judie Aronson eine also eine erste Verbindung und eine Der Lehrer Online Stream vom Laptop. Und wenn man sich irgendwo auf diesem Weg befindet, kann man das sammeln. Justus Bender Wenn wir uns nicht einig sind in dem, was wirklich passiert, wie können wir Tron 1982 reden, was passieren sollte? In: rbb-online. Ein Brief müsse ja auch eine eindeutige Adresse Daniel Küblbeck, damit er zugestellt werden kann, erläutert der ehemalige CIA-Mitarbeiter. Deutschland Über islamistische Gefährder in Deutschland. Hank Forrester Michael Benz Lindsay Mills Tom Wilkinson Ewen MacAskill Joely Richardson Taglines: The story of the world's most wanted man.
Edit Did You Know? Trivia Its performance during its opening weekend was the lowest opening of Oliver Stone's career for a film playing in over 2, theaters.
The mountains in the background are characteristic. Quotes [ first lines ] Glenn Greenwald : [ sitting under a big green balloon alligator ] So?
Laura Poitras : This is the only alligator. Glenn Greenwald : Four minutes past. We walk in one minute. He was clear on that.
Laura Poitras : He's coming. Glenn Greenwald : No, he is too young to have that kind of access. Glenn Greenwald : [ to Snowden as he walks up ] Uh, what time does the restaurant open?
Edward Snowden : Noon. But the food is a bit too spicy. This way Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report this. Add the first question.
Runtime: min. Sound Mix: Dolby Digital. Color: Color. Edit page. The Best "Bob's Burgers" Parodies.
Clear your history. Laura Poitras. Glenn Greenwald. Edward Snowden. His remarks came in response to an article in the German magazine Der Spiegel.
In , Obama stated, "our nation's defense depends in part on the fidelity of those entrusted with our nation's secrets.
If any individual who objects to government policy can take it into their own hands to publicly disclose classified information, then we will not be able to keep our people safe, or conduct foreign policy.
In , Donald Trump made a series of tweets in which he referred to Snowden as a "traitor", saying he gave "serious information to China and Russia" and "should be executed".
Later that year he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan". In August , Trump said during a press conference that he would "take a look" at pardoning Snowden, and added that he was "not that aware of the Snowden situation".
Forbes described Trump's willingness to consider a pardon as "leagues away" from his views. Snowden responded to the announcement saying, "the last time we heard a White House considering a pardon was , when the very same Attorney General who once charged me conceded that, on balance, my work in exposing the NSA's unconstitutional system of mass surveillance had been 'a public service'.
Liz Cheney called the idea of a pardon "unconscionable". A week prior to the announcement, Trump also said he had been thinking of letting Snowden return to the U.
Days later, Attorney General William Barr told the AP he was "vehemently opposed" to the idea of a pardon, saying "[Snowden] was a traitor and the information he provided our adversaries greatly hurt the safety of the American people, he was peddling it around like a commercial merchant.
Richard J. Leon had ruled in a contemporaneous case before him that the NSA warrantless surveillance program was likely unconstitutional; Wiebe then proposed that Snowden should be granted amnesty and allowed to return to the United States.
Numerous high-ranking current or former U. In the U. In June , U. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont shared a "must read" news story on his blog by Ron Fournier , stating "Love him or hate him, we all owe Snowden our thanks for forcing upon the nation an important debate.
But the debate shouldn't be about him. It should be about the gnawing questions his actions raised from the shadows.
Snowden said in December that he was "inspired by the global debate" ignited by the leaks and that NSA's "culture of indiscriminate global espionage At the end of , The Washington Post said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing.
In , on The Axe Files podcast , former U. Attorney General Eric Holder said that Snowden "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made.
In September , the bipartisan U. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures.
In August , President Obama said that he had called for a review of U. Stone said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks.
On June 6, , in the wake of Snowden's leaks, conservative public interest lawyer and Judicial Watch founder Larry Klayman filed a lawsuit claiming that the federal government had unlawfully collected metadata for his telephone calls and was harassing him.
In Klayman v. Obama , Judge Richard J. Leon referred to the NSA's "almost-Orwellian technology" and ruled the bulk telephone metadata program to be likely unconstitutional.
Snowden later described Judge Leon's decision as vindication. Pauley III came to the opposite conclusion. In ACLU v.
Clapper , although acknowledging that privacy concerns are not trivial, Pauley found that the potential benefits of surveillance outweigh these considerations and ruled that the NSA's collection of phone data is legal.
Gary Schmitt , former staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , wrote that "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection program—a kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff.
The decision voided U. District Judge William Pauley's December finding that the NSA program was lawful, and remanded the case to him for further review.
The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance, and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act.
Circuit Judge Gerard E. Lynch wrote that, given the national security interests at stake, it was prudent to give Congress an opportunity to debate and decide the matter.
They also cited that the US intelligence leaders, who publicly defended it, were not telling the truth.
On June 2, , the U. Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the USA Freedom Act which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.
The new restrictions were widely seen as stemming from Snowden's revelations. In an official report published in October , the United Nations special rapporteur for the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of speech, Professor David Kaye , criticized the U.
The report found that Snowden's revelations were important for people everywhere and made "a deep and lasting impact on law, policy and politics.
By mid, Snowden had applied for asylum in 21 countries, including Europe and South America, [] [] obtaining negative responses in most cases.
Snowden applied for asylum in Austria , [] Italy [] and Switzerland. Swiss media said that the Swiss Attorney General had determined that Switzerland would not extradite Snowden if the US request were considered "politically motivated".
Switzerland would grant Snowden asylum if he revealed the extent of espionage activities by the United States government. According to the paper Sonntags Zeitung , Snowden would be granted safe entry and residency in Switzerland, in return for his knowledge of American intelligence activities.
Swiss paper Le Matin reported that Snowden's activity could be part of criminal proceedings or part of a parliamentary inquiry. Extradition would also be rejected if Snowden faced the death penalty , for which the United States has already provided assurances.
The felony charges with which Snowden is charged, each a maximum of 10 years imprisonment. As reported in Der Bund , upper level Swiss government could create an obstacle.
On September 16, , it was reported that Snowden had said he "would love" to get political asylum in France. However, no other members the French government were known to express support for Snowden's asylum request, possibly due to the potential adverse diplomatic consequences.
According to Finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman Tytti Pylkkö , Snowden made an asylum request to Finland by sending an application to the Finnish embassy in Moscow , while he was confined to the transit area of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow but was told that Finnish law required him to be on Finnish soil.
Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf. Snowden was granted a freedom of speech award by the Oslo branch of the writer's group PEN International.
Snowden then filed a lawsuit for free passage through Norway in order to receiver his freedom of speech award, through Oslo's District Court, followed by an appeals court, and finally Norway's Supreme Court.
The lawsuit was ultimately rejected by the Norwegian Supreme Court. The non-binding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance and included a symbolic declaration of the right of all individuals to online privacy.
Surveys conducted by news outlets and professional polling organizations found that American public opinion was divided on Snowden's disclosures, and that those polled in Canada and Europe were more supportive of Snowden than respondents in the U.
For his global surveillance disclosures, Snowden has been honored by publications and organizations based in Europe and the United States.
He was voted as The Guardian ' s person of the year , garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate.
He participated by teleconference carried over multiple routers running the Google Hangouts platform. Represented on stage by a robot with a video screen, video camera, microphones and speakers, Snowden conversed with TED curator Chris Anderson , and told the attendees that online businesses should act quickly to encrypt their websites.
In March , while speaking at the FIFDH international human rights film festival he made a public appeal for Switzerland to grant him asylum, saying he would like to return to live in Geneva, where he once worked undercover for the Central Intelligence Agency.
On March 19, , Snowden delivered the opening keynote address of the LibrePlanet conference, a meeting of international free software activists and developers presented by the Free Software Foundation.
The conference was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the first such time Snowden spoke via teleconference using a full free software stack, end-to-end.
On July 21, , Snowden and hardware hacker Bunnie Huang , in a talk at MIT Media Lab 's Forbidden Research event, published research for a smartphone case, the so-called Introspection Engine , that would monitor signals received and sent by that phone to provide an alert to the user if his or her phone is transmitting or receiving information when it shouldn't be for example when it's turned off or in airplane mode , a feature described by Snowden to be useful for journalists or activists operating under hostile governments that would otherwise track their activities through their phones.
In July , media critic Jay Rosen defined The Snowden Effect as "Direct and indirect gains in public knowledge from the cascade of events and further reporting that followed Edward Snowden's leaks of classified information about the surveillance state in the U.
On November 2, , Snowden provided a court declaration in Jewel v. National Security Agency. Snowden's impact as a public figure has been felt in cinema, [] television, [] advertising, [] video games, [] [] literature, [] [] music, [] [] [] statuary, [] [] and social media.
The film Snowden , based on Snowden's leaking of classified US government material, directed by Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
American whistleblower, former National Security Agency contractor. Elizabeth City, North Carolina , U.
Lindsay Mills. Map of global NSA data collection. ACLU v. NSA Hepting v. NSA Clapper v. Amnesty Klayman v.
Obama ACLU v. Clapper Wikimedia v. Main article: Global surveillance disclosures —present. Play media. Main article: Evo Morales grounding incident.
Main article: Edward Snowden asylum in Russia. Main article: Reactions to global surveillance disclosures. See also: Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure.
Main article: Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure. Main article: Awards received by Edward Snowden. Main article: Snowden effect.
Main article: Edward Snowden in popular culture. Biography portal Freedom of speech portal United States portal Politics portal.
Yuen explained that Snowden's full name was inconsistent, and his U. Yuen said he spoke to U. Attorney General Eric Holder by phone to reinforce the request for details "absolutely necessary" for detention of Snowden.
Yuen said "As the US government had failed to provide the information by the time Snowden left Hong Kong, it was impossible for the Department of Justice to apply to a court for a temporary warrant of arrest.
In fact, even at this time, the US government has still not provided the details we asked for. Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 29, The Washington Post.
Retrieved April 11, CBS News. Retrieved October 19, Retrieved October 22, San Francisco Chronicle. Washington: Voice of America.
Retrieved January 20, The Guardian November 25, The New Yorker. The Guardian. July 5, The New York Times. Huffington Post.
Fox News August 4, August 1, Retrieved August 17, Democracy Now. Retrieved August 8, Retrieved October 23, Retrieved September 14, Retrieved September 2, The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June Associated Press.
July 24, Archived from the original on August 22, Archived from the original on October 19, United States Coast Guard.
NBC News. The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. Archived from the original on November 1, Retrieved June 10, The Christian Science Monitor.
June 10, The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 13, USA Today. Washington, D. Archived from the original on April 2, Retrieved March 10, Leheigh Valley Express Times.
Retrieved December 3, ABC News. Archived from the original on December 19, Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 15, Ars Technica.
Retrieved July 28, If I Was Analyzing Edward Snowden. Retrieved October 24, New Republic. Retrieved October 20, October 28, The Nation. December 22, Permanent Record.
UK: Macmillan. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 26, Retrieved May 20, University spokesman Brian Ullmann confirmed that in , Snowden worked for less than a year as a 'security specialist' for the school's Center for Advanced Study of Language.
The university-affiliated center, founded in , is not a classified facility. Campus Reform. Archived from the original on May 9, International Business Times.
Retrieved January 30, No Place to Hide. Metropolitan Books. Handelszeitung in German. South China Morning Post. Retrieved December 2, The Courage Foundation.
January 27, The Wall Street Journal. Hong Kong. New York. June 30, Archived from the original on July 4, Time Inc. Retrieved February 14, Courage Foundation.
Archived from the original on January 11, Encyclopedia Britannica. Rede Globo in Portuguese. June 1, June 9, Retrieved June 7, September 16, Voice of America.
Retrieved January 4, The Hill. June 25, New York: Columbia University Press. In Mistry, Kaeten; Gurman, Hannah eds.
Retrieved June 9, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. September 15, December 14, The Australian. Retrieved February 1, August 30, Secrets Ever: Rogers".
Bloomberg News. Vice News. Retrieved June 4, Accessories Buying Guides How-tos Deals. Health Energy Environment.
YouTube Instagram Adobe. Kickstarter Tumblr Art Club. Film TV Games. Fortnite Game of Thrones Books. Comics Music. Filed under: Policy Entertainment Politics.
Linkedin Reddit Pocket Flipboard Email. This is the book the government does not want you to read: — Edward Snowden Snowden September 17,
Danach dürfe er sich nicht in einem öffentlichen Prozess vor einer Jury The Double 2013. Deshalb haben sie diese Systeme aufgebaut und angewendet. In: Spiegel Online. Das ist auch nicht von der Regie? Spionage-Vorwurf gegen Huawei :.So what do they do? They turn around in their chair and they show a co-worker As Snowden observed it, this behavior happened routinely every two months but was never reported, being considered one of the "fringe benefits" of the work.
Snowden has described himself as a whistleblower, [87] a description used by many sources, including CNBC , [88] The New Yorker , [89] Reuters , [90] and The Guardian , [91] among others.
Snowden has said that he had told multiple employees and two supervisors about his concerns, but the NSA disputes his claim.
The reactions of those I told about the scale of the constitutional violations ranged from deeply concerned to appalled, but no one was willing to risk their jobs, families, and possibly even freedom to go to [ sic ] through what [Thomas Andrews] Drake did.
He asserted that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities.
I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office.
In May , U. Self-description as a whistleblower and attribution as such in news reports does not determine whether he qualifies as a whistleblower within the meaning of the Whistleblower Protection Act of 5 USC b 8 - 9 ; Pub.
Law However, Snowden's potential status as a Whistleblower under the Act is not directly addressed in the criminal complaint against him in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia see below Case No.
These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book Whistleblowing Nation , published in March , [] an adaptation of which [] also appeared on Lawfare Blog in March The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown, [] but Australian officials have estimated 15, or more Australian intelligence files [] and British officials estimate at least 58, British intelligence files were included.
The vast majority of those were related to our military capabilities, operations, tactics, techniques and procedures. In a Associated Press interview, Glenn Greenwald stated [].
Thus the Snowden documents allegedly contained sensitive NSA blueprints detailing how the NSA operates, and which would allow someone who read them to evade or even duplicate NSA surveillance.
Further, a July 20, New York Times article [] reported that the terror group Islamic State ISIS or ISIL had studied revelations from Snowden, about how the United States gathered information on militants, the main result is that the group's top leaders used couriers or encrypted channels to avoid being tracked or monitoring of their communications by Western analysts.
According to Snowden, he did not indiscriminately turn over documents to journalists, stating that "I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest.
There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over" [20] and that "I have to screen everything before releasing it to journalists If I have time to go through this information, I would like to make it available to journalists in each country.
Navy Admiral Michael S. Rogers , said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that "the sky is falling.
On June 14, , UK's Sunday Times reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's MI6 intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries.
The Sunday Times said it was not clear whether Russia and China stole Snowden's data or whether Snowden voluntarily handed it over to remain at liberty in Hong Kong and Moscow.
Snowden then contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January Greenwald began working with Snowden in either February [] or April , after Poitras asked Greenwald to meet her in New York City, at which point Snowden began providing documents to them.
Snowden communicated using encrypted email , [] and going by the codename " Verax ". He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by stylometry.
According to Gellman, before their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end.
In May , Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy. After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures.
In June , he said, "All I can say right now is the US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.
On May 20, , Snowden flew to Hong Kong , [] where he was staying when the initial articles based on the leaked documents were published, [] beginning with The Guardian on June 5.
The Guardian ' s chief editor, Alan Rusbridger , credited Snowden for having performed a public service.
On June 5, , media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year.
He said the U. The NSA's top-secret black budget , obtained from Snowden by The Washington Post , exposed the successes and failures of the 16 spy agencies comprising the U.
It was revealed that the NSA was harvesting millions of email and instant messaging contact lists, [] searching email content, [] tracking and mapping the location of cell phones, [] undermining attempts at encryption via Bullrun [] [] and that the agency was using cookies to piggyback on the same tools used by Internet advertisers "to pinpoint targets for government hacking and to bolster surveillance.
The agency's intelligence-gathering operations had targeted, among others, oil giant Petrobras , Brazil's largest company. In October , Glenn Greenwald said "the most shocking and significant stories are the ones we are still working on, and have yet to publish.
By October , Snowden's disclosures had created tensions [] [] between the U. Their stated goal was to "dramatically increase mastery of the global network" and to acquire adversaries' data from "anyone, anytime, anywhere.
Snowden said in a January interview with German television that the NSA does not limit its data collection to national security issues, accusing the agency of conducting industrial espionage.
Using the example of German company Siemens , he said, "If there's information at Siemens that's beneficial to US national interests—even if it doesn't have anything to do with national security—then they'll take that information nevertheless.
In February , during testimony to the European Union, Snowden said of the remaining undisclosed programs, "I will leave the public interest determinations as to which of these may be safely disclosed to responsible journalists in coordination with government stakeholders.
The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails, message texts, and online accounts, that support the claim. In an August interview, Snowden for the first time disclosed a cyberwarfare program in the works, codenamed MonsterMind , that would automate detection of a foreign cyberattack as it began and automatically fire back.
And then we end up shooting back at a Russian hospital. What happens next? Snowden first contemplated leaking confidential documents around but held back, partly because he believed the newly elected Barack Obama might introduce reforms.
Snowden said he wanted to "embolden others to step forward" by demonstrating that "they can win. In December , upon learning that a U.
In January , Snowden said his "breaking point" was "seeing the Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress.
Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back. Beyond that, it was the creeping realization that no one else was going to do this.
The public had a right to know about these programs. In May , Snowden took a leave of absence, telling his supervisors he was returning to the mainland for epilepsy treatment, but instead left Hawaii for Hong Kong [] where he arrived on May Snowden told Guardian reporters in June that he had been in his room at the Mira Hotel since his arrival in the city, rarely going out.
Snowden vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the U. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to "ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China.
After leaving the Mira Hotel, Snowden was housed for two weeks in several apartments by other refugees seeking asylum in Hong Kong, an arrangement set up by Tibbo to hide from the US authorities.
They haven't been able to, because it's false. State Department spokesman rejected the explanation of technical noncompliance, accusing the Hong Kong government of deliberately releasing a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant and after having sufficient time to prohibit his travel.
Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey".
In October , Snowden said that before flying to Moscow, he gave all the classified documents he had obtained to journalists he met in Hong Kong, and kept no copies for himself.
In January , Vanessa Rodel, one of the refugees who had housed Snowden in Hong Kong, and her 7-year-old daughter were granted asylum by Canada.
In , five other people who had helped Snowden still remained in Hong Kong awaiting a response to their asylum request. He asserted "a planeload of reporters documented the seat I was supposed to be in" when he was ticketed for Havana , but the U.
According to Greenwald, Snowden's passport was valid when he departed Hong Kong but was revoked during the hours he was in transit to Moscow, preventing him from obtaining a ticket to leave Russia.
Greenwald said Snowden was thus forced to stay in Moscow and seek asylum. According to one Russian report, Snowden planned to fly from Moscow through Havana to Latin America; however, Cuba told Moscow it would not allow the Aeroflot plane carrying Snowden to land.
Following Snowden's arrival in Moscow, the White House expressed disappointment in Hong Kong's decision to allow him to leave. Secretary of State John Kerry said that Snowden's passport was cancelled "within two hours" of the charges against Snowden being made public [3] which was Friday, June Without any judicial order, the administration now seeks to stop me exercising a basic right.
A right that belongs to everybody. The right to seek asylum. Snowden said in July that he decided to bid for asylum in Russia because he felt there was no safe way to reach Latin America.
On the issue, he said "some governments in Western European and North American states have demonstrated a willingness to act outside the law, and this behavior persists today.
This unlawful threat makes it impossible for me to travel to Latin America and enjoy the asylum granted there in accordance with our shared rights.
Four months after Snowden received asylum in Russia, Julian Assange commented: "While Venezuela and Ecuador could protect him in the short term, over the long term there could be a change in government.
In Russia, he's safe, he's well-regarded, and that is not likely to change. That was my advice to Snowden, that he would be physically safest in Russia.
In an October interview with The Nation magazine, Snowden reiterated that he had originally intended to travel to Latin America: "A lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia.
They did not want that; they chose to keep me in Russia. On July 1, , president Evo Morales of Bolivia , who had been attending a conference in Russia, suggested during an interview with RT formerly Russia Today that he would consider a request by Snowden for asylum.
While the plane was parked in Vienna, the Spanish ambassador to Austria arrived with two embassy personnel and asked to search the plane but they were denied permission by Morales himself.
Assange responded that "we weren't expecting this outcome. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. We can only regret what happened.
Snowden applied for political asylum to 21 countries. Biden had telephoned President Rafael Correa days prior to Snowden's remarks, asking the Ecuadorian leader not to grant Snowden asylum.
After evaluating the law and Snowden's situation, the French interior ministry rejected his request for asylum. Germany and India rejected Snowden's application outright, while Austria, Ecuador, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain said he must be on their territory to apply.
Putin said on July 1, , that if Snowden wanted to be granted asylum in Russia , he would be required to "stop his work aimed at harming our American partners.
In a July 12 meeting at Sheremetyevo Airport with representatives of human rights organizations and lawyers, organized in part by the Russian government, [] Snowden said he was accepting all offers of asylum that he had already received or would receive.
He added that Venezuela's grant of asylum formalized his asylee status, removing any basis for state interference with his right to asylum.
Amid media reports in early July attributed to U. Snowden married Lindsay Mills in Attorney General Eric Holder repudiated Snowden's claim to refugee status, and offered a limited validity passport good for direct return to the U.
On June 14, , United States federal prosecutors filed a criminal complaint [] against Snowden, charging him with three felonies: theft of government property and two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 18 U.
Each of the three charges carries a maximum possible prison term of ten years. The criminal complaint was initially secret, but was unsealed a week later.
Stephen P. Mulligan and Jennifer K. Elsea , Legislative attorneys for the Congressional Research Service , provide a analysis [] of the uses of the Espionage Act to prosecute unauthorized disclosures of classified information, based on what was disclosed, to whom, and how; the burden of proof requirements e.
The analysis includes the charges against Snowden, among several other cases. The discussion also covers gaps in the legal framework used to prosecute such cases.
Snowden was asked in a January interview about returning to the U. Snowden explained why he rejected the request:.
What he doesn't say are that the crimes that he's charged me with are crimes that don't allow me to make my case. They don't allow me to defend myself in an open court to the public and convince a jury that what I did was to their benefit.
So it's, I would say, illustrative that the President would choose to say someone should face the music when he knows the music is a show trial.
Snowden's legal representative, Jesselyn Radack , wrote that "the Espionage Act effectively hinders a person from defending himself before a jury in an open court.
Non-profit betrayals were not considered. Henry Holt and Company and Holtzbrink , as relief-defendants. Snowden had the choice to apply for renewal of his temporary refugee status for 12 months or requesting a permit for temporary stay for three years.
He was not granted permanent political asylum. In , Snowden secretly married Lindsay Mills. By , he no longer felt the need to be disguised in public and lived what was described as a "more or less normal life", able to travel around Russia and make a living from speaking arrangements locally and over the internet.
His memoir Permanent Record was released internationally on September 17, , and while U. In the memoir he wrote, "I realized that I was crazy to have imagined that the Supreme Court, or Congress, or President Obama, seeking to distance his administration from President George W.
On 1 November , new amendments took effect introducing a permanent residence permit for the first time and removing the requirement to renew the pre so-called "permanent" residence permit every five years.
In April an amendment to Russian nationality law allowing foreigners to obtain Russian citizenship without renouncing a foreign citizenship came into force.
In response to outrage by European leaders, President Barack Obama said in early July that all nations collect intelligence, including those expressing outrage.
His remarks came in response to an article in the German magazine Der Spiegel. In , Obama stated, "our nation's defense depends in part on the fidelity of those entrusted with our nation's secrets.
If any individual who objects to government policy can take it into their own hands to publicly disclose classified information, then we will not be able to keep our people safe, or conduct foreign policy.
In , Donald Trump made a series of tweets in which he referred to Snowden as a "traitor", saying he gave "serious information to China and Russia" and "should be executed".
Later that year he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan".
In August , Trump said during a press conference that he would "take a look" at pardoning Snowden, and added that he was "not that aware of the Snowden situation".
Forbes described Trump's willingness to consider a pardon as "leagues away" from his views. Snowden responded to the announcement saying, "the last time we heard a White House considering a pardon was , when the very same Attorney General who once charged me conceded that, on balance, my work in exposing the NSA's unconstitutional system of mass surveillance had been 'a public service'.
Liz Cheney called the idea of a pardon "unconscionable". A week prior to the announcement, Trump also said he had been thinking of letting Snowden return to the U.
Days later, Attorney General William Barr told the AP he was "vehemently opposed" to the idea of a pardon, saying "[Snowden] was a traitor and the information he provided our adversaries greatly hurt the safety of the American people, he was peddling it around like a commercial merchant.
Richard J. Leon had ruled in a contemporaneous case before him that the NSA warrantless surveillance program was likely unconstitutional; Wiebe then proposed that Snowden should be granted amnesty and allowed to return to the United States.
Numerous high-ranking current or former U. In the U. In June , U. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont shared a "must read" news story on his blog by Ron Fournier , stating "Love him or hate him, we all owe Snowden our thanks for forcing upon the nation an important debate.
But the debate shouldn't be about him. It should be about the gnawing questions his actions raised from the shadows.
Snowden said in December that he was "inspired by the global debate" ignited by the leaks and that NSA's "culture of indiscriminate global espionage At the end of , The Washington Post said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing.
In , on The Axe Files podcast , former U. Attorney General Eric Holder said that Snowden "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made.
In September , the bipartisan U. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures.
In August , President Obama said that he had called for a review of U. Stone said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks.
On June 6, , in the wake of Snowden's leaks, conservative public interest lawyer and Judicial Watch founder Larry Klayman filed a lawsuit claiming that the federal government had unlawfully collected metadata for his telephone calls and was harassing him.
In Klayman v. Obama , Judge Richard J. Leon referred to the NSA's "almost-Orwellian technology" and ruled the bulk telephone metadata program to be likely unconstitutional.
Snowden later described Judge Leon's decision as vindication. Pauley III came to the opposite conclusion. In ACLU v.
Clapper , although acknowledging that privacy concerns are not trivial, Pauley found that the potential benefits of surveillance outweigh these considerations and ruled that the NSA's collection of phone data is legal.
Gary Schmitt , former staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , wrote that "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection program—a kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff.
The decision voided U. District Judge William Pauley's December finding that the NSA program was lawful, and remanded the case to him for further review.
The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance, and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act.
Circuit Judge Gerard E. Lynch wrote that, given the national security interests at stake, it was prudent to give Congress an opportunity to debate and decide the matter.
They also cited that the US intelligence leaders, who publicly defended it, were not telling the truth. On June 2, , the U.
Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the USA Freedom Act which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.
The new restrictions were widely seen as stemming from Snowden's revelations. In an official report published in October , the United Nations special rapporteur for the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of speech, Professor David Kaye , criticized the U.
The report found that Snowden's revelations were important for people everywhere and made "a deep and lasting impact on law, policy and politics.
By mid, Snowden had applied for asylum in 21 countries, including Europe and South America, [] [] obtaining negative responses in most cases.
Snowden applied for asylum in Austria , [] Italy [] and Switzerland. Swiss media said that the Swiss Attorney General had determined that Switzerland would not extradite Snowden if the US request were considered "politically motivated".
Switzerland would grant Snowden asylum if he revealed the extent of espionage activities by the United States government.
According to the paper Sonntags Zeitung , Snowden would be granted safe entry and residency in Switzerland, in return for his knowledge of American intelligence activities.
Swiss paper Le Matin reported that Snowden's activity could be part of criminal proceedings or part of a parliamentary inquiry.
Extradition would also be rejected if Snowden faced the death penalty , for which the United States has already provided assurances.
The felony charges with which Snowden is charged, each a maximum of 10 years imprisonment. As reported in Der Bund , upper level Swiss government could create an obstacle.
On September 16, , it was reported that Snowden had said he "would love" to get political asylum in France. However, no other members the French government were known to express support for Snowden's asylum request, possibly due to the potential adverse diplomatic consequences.
According to Finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman Tytti Pylkkö , Snowden made an asylum request to Finland by sending an application to the Finnish embassy in Moscow , while he was confined to the transit area of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow but was told that Finnish law required him to be on Finnish soil.
Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf.
Snowden was granted a freedom of speech award by the Oslo branch of the writer's group PEN International.
Snowden then filed a lawsuit for free passage through Norway in order to receiver his freedom of speech award, through Oslo's District Court, followed by an appeals court, and finally Norway's Supreme Court.
The lawsuit was ultimately rejected by the Norwegian Supreme Court. The non-binding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance and included a symbolic declaration of the right of all individuals to online privacy.
Surveys conducted by news outlets and professional polling organizations found that American public opinion was divided on Snowden's disclosures, and that those polled in Canada and Europe were more supportive of Snowden than respondents in the U.
For his global surveillance disclosures, Snowden has been honored by publications and organizations based in Europe and the United States.
He was voted as The Guardian ' s person of the year , garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate. He participated by teleconference carried over multiple routers running the Google Hangouts platform.
Represented on stage by a robot with a video screen, video camera, microphones and speakers, Snowden conversed with TED curator Chris Anderson , and told the attendees that online businesses should act quickly to encrypt their websites.
In March , while speaking at the FIFDH international human rights film festival he made a public appeal for Switzerland to grant him asylum, saying he would like to return to live in Geneva, where he once worked undercover for the Central Intelligence Agency.
On March 19, , Snowden delivered the opening keynote address of the LibrePlanet conference, a meeting of international free software activists and developers presented by the Free Software Foundation.
The conference was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the first such time Snowden spoke via teleconference using a full free software stack, end-to-end.
On July 21, , Snowden and hardware hacker Bunnie Huang , in a talk at MIT Media Lab 's Forbidden Research event, published research for a smartphone case, the so-called Introspection Engine , that would monitor signals received and sent by that phone to provide an alert to the user if his or her phone is transmitting or receiving information when it shouldn't be for example when it's turned off or in airplane mode , a feature described by Snowden to be useful for journalists or activists operating under hostile governments that would otherwise track their activities through their phones.
In July , media critic Jay Rosen defined The Snowden Effect as "Direct and indirect gains in public knowledge from the cascade of events and further reporting that followed Edward Snowden's leaks of classified information about the surveillance state in the U.
On November 2, , Snowden provided a court declaration in Jewel v. National Security Agency. Snowden's impact as a public figure has been felt in cinema, [] television, [] advertising, [] video games, [] [] literature, [] [] music, [] [] [] statuary, [] [] and social media.
The film Snowden , based on Snowden's leaking of classified US government material, directed by Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
American whistleblower, former National Security Agency contractor. Elizabeth City, North Carolina , U. Lindsay Mills. Map of global NSA data collection.
ACLU v. NSA Hepting v. NSA Clapper v. Amnesty Klayman v. Obama ACLU v. Clapper Wikimedia v. Main article: Global surveillance disclosures —present.
Play media. Main article: Evo Morales grounding incident. Main article: Edward Snowden asylum in Russia.
Main article: Reactions to global surveillance disclosures. See also: Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure. Main article: Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure.
Main article: Awards received by Edward Snowden. Main article: Snowden effect. Main article: Edward Snowden in popular culture. Biography portal Freedom of speech portal United States portal Politics portal.
Yuen explained that Snowden's full name was inconsistent, and his U. Yuen said he spoke to U. Attorney General Eric Holder by phone to reinforce the request for details "absolutely necessary" for detention of Snowden.
Yuen said "As the US government had failed to provide the information by the time Snowden left Hong Kong, it was impossible for the Department of Justice to apply to a court for a temporary warrant of arrest.
In fact, even at this time, the US government has still not provided the details we asked for. Vanity Fair.
Retrieved April 29, The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, CBS News. Retrieved October 19, Retrieved October 22, San Francisco Chronicle.
Washington: Voice of America. Retrieved January 20, The Guardian November 25, The New Yorker.
The Guardian. July 5, The New York Times. Huffington Post. Fox News August 4, August 1, Retrieved August 17, Democracy Now.
Retrieved August 8, Retrieved October 23, Retrieved September 14, Retrieved September 2, The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June Associated Press.
July 24, Archived from the original on August 22, Archived from the original on October 19, United States Coast Guard. NBC News.
The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. Archived from the original on November 1, Retrieved June 10, The Christian Science Monitor. June 10, The Baltimore Sun.
Archived from the original on June 13, USA Today. Washington, D. Archived from the original on April 2, Retrieved March 10, Leheigh Valley Express Times.
Retrieved December 3, ABC News. Archived from the original on December 19, Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 15, Ars Technica.
Retrieved July 28, If I Was Analyzing Edward Snowden. Retrieved October 24, New Republic. Retrieved October 20, October 28, The Nation.
December 22, Permanent Record. UK: Macmillan. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 26, Retrieved May 20, University spokesman Brian Ullmann confirmed that in , Snowden worked for less than a year as a 'security specialist' for the school's Center for Advanced Study of Language.
The university-affiliated center, founded in , is not a classified facility. Campus Reform. Archived from the original on May 9, International Business Times.
Retrieved January 30, No Place to Hide. Metropolitan Books. Handelszeitung in German. South China Morning Post. Retrieved December 2, The Courage Foundation.
January 27, The Wall Street Journal. Hong Kong. New York. June 30, Archived from the original on July 4, Time Inc.
Retrieved February 14, Courage Foundation. Archived from the original on January 11, Encyclopedia Britannica. Rede Globo in Portuguese.
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Comics Music. Filed under: Policy Entertainment Politics. Linkedin Reddit Pocket Flipboard Email. This is the book the government does not want you to read: — Edward Snowden Snowden September 17, Next Up In Policy.
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