Sparrow House Sparrow
Die Sperlinge sind eine Familie der Vögel, die zu den Singvögeln gehört. Es werden insgesamt acht Gattungen mit 43 Arten zu dieser Familie gerechnet. Das Wort „Sperling“ wird vom althochdeutschen sparo mit der Endsilbe -ling abgeleitet. Sparrow (engl. „Sperling“) steht für: AIM-7 Sparrow, eine US-amerikanische Luft-Luft-Rakete; RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, ein Flugabwehrsystem der US Navy; Sparrow. Red Sparrow – Wikipedia. Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für sparrow im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. First the sparrow that slams into an obstructing windowpane, which it doesn't perceive as such, then the carefree sparrows indulging in [ ] their daily baths in. sparrowhawk or: sparrow hawk - American kestrel [ZOOL.] Amerikanischer Turmfalke Lat.: Falco sparverius [Ornithology]. sparrowhawk. Red Sparrow [dt./OV]. ()2 Std. 20 MinX-Ray Als eine Verletzung Dominika Egorovas Karriere ein Ende setzt, sehen sie und ihre Mutter einer.
The male is duller in fresh nonbreeding plumage, with whitish tips on many feathers. Wear and preening expose many of the bright brown and black markings, including most of the black throat and chest patch, called the "bib" or "badge".
This hypothesis has led to a "veritable 'cottage industry'" of studies, which have only conclusively shown that patches increase in size with age.
The female has no black markings or grey crown. Its upperparts and head are brown with darker streaks around the mantle and a distinct pale supercilium.
Its underparts are pale grey-brown. The female's bill is brownish-grey and becomes darker in breeding plumage approaching the black of the male's bill.
Juveniles are similar to the adult female, but deeper brown below and paler above, with paler and less defined supercilia.
Juveniles have broader buff feather edges, and tend to have looser, scruffier plumage, like moulting adults. Juvenile males tend to have darker throats and white postoculars like adult males, while juvenile females tend to have white throats.
However, juveniles cannot be reliably sexed by plumage: some juvenile males lack any markings of the adult male, and some juvenile females have male features.
The bills of young birds are light yellow to straw , paler than the female's bill. Immature males have paler versions of the adult male's markings, which can be very indistinct in fresh plumage.
By their first breeding season, young birds generally are indistinguishable from other adults, though they may still be paler during their first year.
Most house sparrow vocalisations are variations on its short and incessant chirping call. Transcribed as chirrup , tschilp , or philip , this note is made as a contact call by flocking or resting birds, or by males to proclaim nest ownership and invite pairing.
In the breeding season, the male gives this call repetitively, with emphasis and speed, but not much rhythm, forming what is described either as a song or an "ecstatic call" similar to a song.
Aggressive males give a trilled version of their call, transcribed as "chur- chur-r-r-it-it-it-it ".
This call is also used by females in the breeding season, to establish dominance over males while displacing them to feed young or incubate eggs.
Some variation is seen in the 12 subspecies of house sparrows, which are divided into two groups, the Oriental P. Birds of the P.
The similar P. Of the less widespread P. The house sparrow can be confused with a number of other seed-eating birds, especially its relatives in the genus Passer.
Many of these relatives are smaller, with an appearance that is neater or "cuter", as with the Dead Sea sparrow.
The Sind sparrow is very similar but smaller, with less black on the male's throat and a distinct pale supercilium on the female.
The house sparrow was among the first animals to be given a scientific name in the modern system of biological classification , since it was described by Carl Linnaeus , in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
It was described from a type specimen collected in Sweden , with the name Fringilla domestica. The bird's scientific name and its usual English name have the same meaning.
The Latin word passer , like the English word "sparrow", is a term for small active birds, coming from a root word referring to speed.
The genus Passer contains about 25 species, depending on the authority, 26 according to the Handbook of the Birds of the World. The taxonomy of the house sparrow and its Mediterranean relatives is complicated.
The common type of "willow sparrow" is the Spanish sparrow, which resembles the house sparrow in many respects. In most of Italy, the breeding species is the Italian sparrow , which has an appearance intermediate between those of the house and Spanish sparrows.
Its specific status and origin are the subject of much debate, but it may be a case of long-ago hybrid speciation. A large number of subspecies have been named, of which 12 were recognised in the Handbook of the Birds of the World.
These subspecies are divided into two groups, the Palaearctic P. The subspecies P. Migratory birds of the subspecies P. Gavrilov and M.
Korelov proposed the separation of the P. In North America, house sparrow populations are more differentiated than those in Europe.
The house sparrow originated in the Middle East and spread, along with agriculture, to most of Eurasia and parts of North Africa.
The house sparrow has become highly successful in most parts of the world where it has been introduced. This is mostly due to its early adaptation to living with humans, and its adaptability to a wide range of conditions.
The first of many successful introductions to North America occurred when birds from England were released in New York City, in , [80] [81] intended to control the ravages of the linden moth.
In southern Africa, birds of both the European subspecies P. Birds of P. Despite this rapid spread, native relatives such as the Cape sparrow also occur and thrive in urban habitats.
It now occurs almost continuously from Tierra del Fuego to the fringes of the Amazon basin , with isolated populations as far north as coastal Venezuela.
The house sparrow is closely associated with human habitation and cultivation. Well adapted to living around humans, it frequently lives and even breeds indoors, especially in factories, warehouses, and zoos.
It tolerates a variety of climates, but prefers drier conditions, especially in moist tropical climates. The house sparrow is a very social bird.
It is gregarious during all seasons when feeding, often forming flocks with other species of birds. House sparrows also engage in social activities such as dust or water bathing and "social singing", in which birds call together in bushes.
House sparrows sleep with the bill tucked underneath the scapular feathers. Much communal chirping occurs before and after the birds settle in the roost in the evening, as well as before the birds leave the roost in the morning.
Dust or water bathing is common and often occurs in groups. Anting is rare. As an adult, the house sparrow mostly feeds on the seeds of grains and weeds , but it is opportunistic and adaptable, and eats whatever foods are available.
It can perform complex tasks to obtain food, such as opening automatic doors to enter supermarkets, [] clinging to hotel walls to watch vacationers on their balconies, [] and nectar robbing kowhai flowers.
Grit can be either stone, often grains of masonry, or the shells of eggs or snails; oblong and rough grains are preferred.
Animals form another important part of the house sparrow's diet, chiefly insects , of which beetles , caterpillars , dipteran flies, and aphids are especially important.
Various noninsect arthropods are eaten, as are molluscs and crustaceans where available, earthworms , and even vertebrates such as lizards and frogs.
In most places, grasshoppers and crickets are the most abundant foods of nestlings. The gut microbiota of house sparrows differs between chicks and adults, with Proteobacteria decreasing in chicks when they get to around 9 days old, whilst the relative abundance of Firmicutes increase.
The house sparrow's flight is direct not undulating and flapping, averaging It can swim when pressed to do so by pursuit from predators.
Captive birds have been recorded diving and swimming short distances under water. Most house sparrows do not move more than a few kilometres during their lifetimes.
However, limited migration occurs in all regions. Some young birds disperse long distances, especially on coasts, and mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter.
Unlike the birds in sedentary populations that migrate, birds of migratory subspecies prepare for migration by putting on weight.
House sparrows can breed in the breeding season immediately following their hatching, and sometimes attempt to do so.
Some birds breeding for the first time in tropical areas are only a few months old and still have juvenile plumage. Males take up nesting sites before the breeding season, by frequently calling beside them.
Unmated males start nest construction and call particularly frequently to attract females. When a female approaches a male during this period, the male displays by moving up and down while drooping and shivering his wings, pushing up his head, raising and spreading his tail, and showing his bib.
In response, a female will adopt a threatening posture and attack a male before flying away, pursued by the male.
The male displays in front of her, attracting other males, which also pursue and display to the female. This group display usually does not immediately result in copulations.
Birds of a pair copulate frequently until the female is laying eggs, and the male mounts the female repeatedly each time a pair mates.
Lost mates of both sexes can be replaced quickly during the breeding season. Nest sites are varied, though cavities are preferred.
Nests are most frequently built in the eaves and other crevices of houses. Holes in cliffs and banks, or tree hollows , are also used. It usually uses deserted nests, though sometimes it usurps active ones by driving away or killing the occupants.
Especially in warmer areas, the house sparrow may build its nests in the open, on the branches of trees, especially evergreens and hawthorns, or in the nests of large birds such as storks or magpies.
The nest is usually domed, though it may lack a roof in enclosed sites. The female assists in building, but is less active than the male. In colder areas house sparrows build specially created roost nests, or roost in street lights, to avoid losing heat during the winter.
House sparrows' nests support a wide range of scavenging insects, including nest flies such as Neottiophilum praestum , Protocalliphora blowflies, [] [] and over 1, species of beetle.
Clutches usually comprise four or five eggs , though numbers from one to 10 have been recorded. At least two clutches are usually laid, and up to seven a year may be laid in the tropics or four a year in temperate latitudes.
When fewer clutches are laid in a year, especially at higher latitudes, the number of eggs per clutch is greater. Central Asian house sparrows, which migrate and have only one clutch a year, average 6.
Clutch size is also affected by environmental and seasonal conditions, female age, and breeding density. Some intraspecific brood parasitism occurs, and instances of unusually large numbers of eggs in a nest may be the result of females laying eggs in the nests of their neighbours.
Such foreign eggs are sometimes recognised and ejected by females. The eggs are white, bluish white, or greenish white, spotted with brown or grey.
In the day between ovulation and laying, egg white forms, followed by eggshell. Eggs decrease slightly in size from laying to hatching. The female develops a brood patch of bare skin and plays the main part in incubating the eggs.
The male helps, but can only cover the eggs rather than truly incubate them. The female spends the night incubating during this period, while the male roosts near the nest.
Young house sparrows remain in the nest for 11 to 23 days, normally 14 to 16 days. As newly hatched house sparrows do not have sufficient insulation, they are brooded for a few days, or longer in cold conditions.
The chicks' eyes open after about 4 days and, at an age of about 8 days, the young birds get their first down. At this stage, they are normally able to fly.
They start feeding themselves partly after 1 or 2 days, and sustain themselves completely after 7 to 10 days, 14 at the latest.
The house sparrow's main predators are cats and birds of prey , but many other animals prey on them, including corvids , squirrels , [] and even humans—the house sparrow has been consumed in the past by people in many parts of the world, and it still is in parts of the Mediterranean.
Accipiters and the merlin in particular are major predators, though cats are likely to have a greater impact on house sparrow populations.
The house sparrow is host to a huge number of parasites and diseases, and the effect of most is unknown. Ornithologist Ted R. Anderson listed thousands, noting that his list was incomplete.
Salmonella epidemics in the spring and winter can kill large numbers of sparrows. The house sparrow is infested by a number of external parasites, which usually cause little harm to adult sparrows.
In Europe, the most common mite found on sparrows is Proctophyllodes , the most common ticks are Argas reflexus and Ixodes arboricola , and the most common flea on the house sparrow is Ceratophyllus gallinae.
Menacanthus lice occur across the house sparrow's body, where they feed on blood and feathers, while Brueelia lice feed on feathers and Philopterus fringillae occurs on the head.
House sparrows express strong circadian rhythms of activity in the laboratory. They were among the first bird species to be seriously studied in terms of their circadian activity and photoperiodism , in part because of their availability and adaptability in captivity, but also because they can "find their way" and remain rhythmic in constant darkness.
Similarly, even when blind, house sparrows continue to be photoperiodic, i. This response is stronger when the feathers on top of the head are plucked, and is eliminated when India ink is injected under the skin at the top of the head, showing that the photoreceptors involved in the photoperiodic response to day length are located inside the brain.
House sparrows have also been used in studies of nonphotic entrainment i. The house sparrow is closely associated with humans. They are believed to have become associated with humans around 10, years ago.
The Turkestan subspecies P. Attempts to control house sparrows include the trapping, poisoning, or shooting of adults; the destruction of their nests and eggs; or less directly, blocking nest holes and scaring off sparrows with noise, glue, or porcupine wire.
The house sparrow has long been used as a food item. From around to at least the 19th century in northern Europe, earthenware "sparrow pots" were hung from eaves to attract nesting birds so the young could be readily harvested.
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